L2BEAT – The state of the layer two ecosystem

L2BEAT Bridges is a work in progress. You might find incomplete research or inconsistent naming. Join our discord to suggest improvements!

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Active projectsActive70 Archived projectsArchived15

#	Name	Total Total value locked in escrow contracts on Ethereum displayed together with a percentage change compared to 7D ago.	7d Change Change in the total value locked as compared to a week ago.	Tokens Composition of the total value locked broken down by token type.	Mkt share Share of the sum of total value locked of all projects.	Validated by How are the messages sent via this bridge checked?	Type Token bridges use escrows and mint tokens. Liquidity Networks use pools and swap tokens. Hybrid do both.
1	Arbitrum One Fraud proof system is fully deployed but is not yet permissionless as it requires Validators to be whitelisted.	$10.31 B	4.70%	ARB – 22.09% Ether – 31.51% Stablecoins – 31.21% Other – 15.18% The ARB token associated with Arbitrum One accounts for 22.09% of the TVL!	150.93%36.90%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Optimistic Rollup
2	OP Mainnet Fraud proof system is currently under development. Users need to trust block Proposer to submit correct L1 state roots.	$5.36 B	4.64%	OP – 55.66% Ether – 13.33% Stablecoins – 11.58% Other – 19.43% The OP token associated with OP Mainnet accounts for 55.66% of the TVL!	78.58%19.21%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Optimistic Rollup
3	Polygon PoS	$2.16 B	2.67%	Ether – 18.75% Stablecoins – 54.00% Other – 27.25%	31.74%7.76%	Destination Chain Transfers need to be confirmed by 2/3 of Polygon PoS Validators stake.	Token Bridge
4	Manta Pacific Fraud proof system is currently under development. Users need to trust the block proposer to submit correct L1 state roots.	$1.59 B	10.24%	MANTA – 47.71% Ether – 4.26% Stablecoins – 9.27% Other – 38.76% The MANTA token associated with Manta Pacific accounts for 47.71% of the TVL!	23.32%5.70%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Optimium
5	Polygon "Plasma" This project contains unverified contracts.	$920 M	3.89%	MATIC – 99.99% Stablecoins – 0.01% The MATIC token associated with Polygon “Plasma” accounts for 99.99% of the TVL!	13.48%3.29%	Destination Chain Transfers need to be confirmed by 2/3 of Polygon PoS Validators stake.	Token Bridge
6	Ronin V2	$841 M	3.21%	AXS – 84.60% Ether – 11.50% Stablecoins – 3.90% Other – 0.00% The AXS token associated with Ronin V2 accounts for 84.60% of the TVL!	12.31%3.01%	Third Party 2/3 MultiSig	Token Bridge
7	Omnichain (LayerZero) This project contains unverified contracts. The security parameters of each individual token must be individually assessed, and can be changed by the developers. Omnichain tokens are are in the early stages of development, use at your own risk.	$727 M	7.76%	Stablecoins – 1.00% Other – 99.00%	10.65%2.60%	Third Party Transfers need to be independently confirmed by oracle attesting to source chain checkpoints and Relayer providing proof of the transfer event.	Token Bridge
8	Metis Fraud proof system is currently under development. Users need to trust the block proposer to submit correct L1 state roots.	$707 M	7.37%	Metis – 93.04% Ether – 0.97% Stablecoins – 5.96% Other – 0.04% The Metis token associated with Metis Andromeda accounts for 93.04% of the TVL!	10.35%2.53%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Optimium
9	Base Fraud proof system is currently under development. Users need to trust the block proposer to submit correct L1 state roots.	$706 M	4.26%	Ether – 57.23% Stablecoins – 40.74% Other – 2.03%	10.34%2.53%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Optimistic Rollup
10	zkSync Era Withdrawals are delayed by 21h. The length of the delay can be arbitrarily set by a MultiSig.	$485 M	5.76%	Ether – 73.37% Stablecoins – 23.14% Other – 3.49%	7.11%1.74%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	ZK Rollup
11	Omnibridge	$394 M	3.77%	GNO – 58.96% Ether – 8.89% Stablecoins – 5.78% Other – 26.37% The GNO token associated with Omnibridge accounts for 58.96% of the TVL!	5.77%1.41%	Third Party 4 / 8 Validator MultiSig	Token Bridge
12	Portal (Wormhole)	$329 M	3.16%	Ether – 23.72% Stablecoins – 74.50% Other – 1.78%	4.83%1.18%	Third Party Transfers need to be signed offchain by a set of 2/3 of Guardians and then relayed to the destination chain.	Token Bridge
13	Mantle Fraud proof system is currently under development. Users need to trust the block proposer to submit correct L1 state roots.	$301 M	2.44%	MNT – 32.51% Ether – 28.04% Stablecoins – 38.14% Other – 1.32% The MNT token associated with Mantle accounts for 32.51% of the TVL!	4.41%1.08%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Optimium
14	Chainport This project contains unverified contracts.	$292 M	5.62%	Ether – 0.00% Stablecoins – 0.18% Other – 99.82%	4.27%1.04%	Third Party Transfers are controlled by the Chainport Congress.	Token Bridge
15	dYdX v3 This page describes dYdX v3, which is an L2 built on Ethereum. Recently deployed dYdX v4 is a separate blockchain based on Cosmos SDK, unrelated to Ethereum and is using different technology. No information on this page applies to dYdX v4.	$288 M	9.68%	Stablecoins – 100.00%	4.22%1.03%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	ZK Rollup
16	Rainbow Bridge	$288 M	7.35%	AURORA – 76.49% Ether – 3.27% Stablecoins – 19.12% Other – 1.12% The AURORA token associated with Rainbow Bridge accounts for 76.49% of the TVL!	4.22%1.03%	Destination Chain Transfers out of the bridge are validated using Optimistic Light Client of Near Chain on Ethereum. Transfers into NEAR are validated by Ethereum light client on NEAR side.	Token Bridge
17	Avalanche Bridge	$285 M	8.82%	Ether – 29.07% Stablecoins – 41.92% Other – 29.01%	4.18%1.02%	Third Party 6/8 Intel SGX	Token Bridge
18	ZKFair The forced transaction mechanism is currently disabled. The project claims to use CelestiaDA but smart contracts on L1 use DAC. Arbitrary messaging passing is removed from the bridge.	$218 M	87.00%	ZKF – 60.07% Ether – 14.24% Stablecoins – 13.76% Other – 11.93% The ZKF token associated with ZKFair accounts for 60.07% of the TVL!	3.20%0.78%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Validium
19	Linea The circuit of the program being proven is not public.	$182 M	7.74%	Ether – 80.36% Stablecoins – 12.25% Other – 7.40%	2.68%0.65%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	ZK Rollup
20	Immutable X	$180 M	3.70%	IMX – 82.88% Ether – 8.46% Stablecoins – 0.53% Other – 8.13% The IMX token associated with Immutable X accounts for 82.88% of the TVL!	2.64%0.65%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Validium
21	Starknet	$157 M	6.11%	Ether – 75.41% Stablecoins – 17.03% Other – 7.56%	2.31%0.56%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	ZK Rollup
22	Satellite (Axelar)	$121 M	5.19%	Ether – 16.13% Stablecoins – 57.21% Other – 26.67%	1.77%0.43%	Third Party 2/3 Validators	Liquidity Network
23	Loopring	$103 M	3.39%	LRC – 65.04% Ether – 19.65% Stablecoins – 6.91% Other – 8.39% The LRC token associated with Loopring accounts for 65.04% of the TVL!	1.51%0.37%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	ZK Rollup
24	PulseChain	$97.61 M	0.83%	Ether – 13.06% Stablecoins – 84.51% Other – 2.43%	1.43%0.35%	Third Party Transfers need to be signed offchain by a designed list of Validators.	Token Bridge
25	ApeX	$88.30 M	24.16%	Stablecoins – 100.00%	1.29%0.32%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Validium
26	Polygon zkEVM The forced transaction mechanism is currently disabled.	$86.87 M	6.64%	Ether – 18.65% Stablecoins – 11.04% Other – 70.31%	1.27%0.31%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	ZK Rollup
27	StarGate (LayerZero) This project contains unverified contracts.	$78.70 M	22.39%	Ether – 20.11% Stablecoins – 79.51% Other – 0.37%	1.15%0.28%	Third Party Transfers need to be independently confirmed by oracle attesting to source chain checkpoints and Relayer providing merkle proof of the transfer event.	Liquidity Network
28	zkSync Lite	$69.03 M	8.54%	Ether – 74.10% Stablecoins – 23.02% Other – 2.89%	1.01%0.25%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	ZK Rollup
29	cBridge (Celer)	$64.60 M	4.27%	Ether – 12.36% Stablecoins – 29.21% Other – 58.43%	0.95%0.23%	Third Party Transfers need to be signed by external actors set by the governance.	Hybrid
30	Scroll	$62.12 M	3.20%	Ether – 62.79% Stablecoins – 33.15% Other – 4.06%	0.91%0.22%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	ZK Rollup
31	Across V2	$62.07 M	14.40%	Ether – 47.22% Stablecoins – 38.44% Other – 14.34%	0.91%0.22%	Optimistically Optimistic Oracle on Ethereum is used to assert that an action happened on the destination chain. The timeout used here is 2hrs.	Liquidity Network
32	DeGate V1	$42.23 M	0.73%	DG – 66.65% Ether – 3.59% Stablecoins – 28.64% Other – 1.12% The DG token associated with DeGate V1 accounts for 66.65% of the TVL!	0.62%0.15%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	ZK Rollup
33	Hop	$38.81 M	7.16%	Ether – 66.51% Stablecoins – 25.77% Other – 7.71%	0.57%0.14%	Optimistically Messages are relayed to the destination chain and assumed to be correct unless challenged within the 24 hour fraud proof window.	Liquidity Network
34	rhino.fi	$31.25 M	7.66%	DVF – 9.79% Ether – 61.64% Stablecoins – 16.07% Other – 12.49%	0.46%0.11%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Validium
35	Arbitrum Nova	$29.20 M	9.98%	Ether – 95.01% Stablecoins – 4.65% Other – 0.35%	0.43%0.10%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Optimium
36	Aevo Fraud proof system is currently under development. Users need to trust the block proposer to submit correct L1 state roots.	$24.62 M	6.04%	Ether – 24.49% Stablecoins – 14.45% Other – 61.06%	0.36%0.09%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Optimium
37	Gravity	$23.85 M	5.51%	Ether – 26.16% Stablecoins – 73.81% Other – 0.03%	0.35%0.09%	Third Party Transfers need to be approved by 2/3 of the validator set operating in Cosmos Gravity Bridge blockchain.	Token Bridge
38	Multichain THE BRIDGE IS NOT SAFE FOR USE. The Multichain's team urges everyone to refrain from using the bridge as it is under investigation by Chinese law enforcement authorities. [<u>For more information, please visit this thread.</u>](https://twitter.com/multichainorg/status/1679768407628185600)	$22.55 M	0.55%	Ether – 14.72% Stablecoins – 32.46% Other – 52.81%	0.33%0.08%	Third Party 2/3rd of MPC.	Hybrid
39	Synapse	$21.44 M	5.76%	Ether – 30.94% Stablecoins – 32.53% Other – 36.53%	0.31%0.08%	Third Party Withdraws are validated by EOA.	Hybrid
40	Sorare	$19.77 M	15.23%	Ether – 100.00%	0.29%0.07%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Validium
41	Aptos (LayerZero) This project contains unverified contracts.	$13.64 M	0.30%	Ether – 12.03% Stablecoins – 87.97%	0.20%0.05%	Third Party Transfers need to be independently confirmed by oracle attesting to source chain checkpoints and Relayer providing merkle proof of the transfer event.	Token Bridge
42	Boba Fraud proof system is currently under development. Users need to trust block Proposer to submit correct L1 state roots.	$13.42 M	6.56%	BOBA and OMG – 46.16% Ether – 35.79% Stablecoins – 13.55% Other – 4.50% The BOBA and OMG tokens associated with Boba Network account for 46.16% of the TVL!	0.20%0.05%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Optimistic Rollup
43	Orbit Bridge This project contains unverified contracts. Orbit Bridge has been hacked on 1 Jan 2024 and is potentially not safe to use.	$11.19 M	1.30%	Ether – 10.80% Stablecoins – 66.25% Other – 22.96%	0.16%0.04%	Third Party MultiSig, quorum depends on destination	Token Bridge
44	Zora Fraud proof system is currently under development. Users need to trust the block proposer to submit correct L1 state roots.	$9.55 M	14.93%	Ether – 100.00%	0.14%0.03%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Optimistic Rollup
45	Lyra Fraud proof system is currently under development. Users need to trust the block proposer to submit correct L1 state roots.	$7.18 M	13.49%	Ether – 0.81% Stablecoins – 99.19% Other – 0.00%	0.11%0.03%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Optimistic Rollup
46	ZKSpace	$5.73 M	7.78%	ZKS – 78.18% Ether – 5.89% Stablecoins – 14.70% Other – 1.23% The ZKS token associated with ZKSpace accounts for 78.18% of the TVL!	0.08%0.02%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	ZK Rollup
47	pNetwork TVL of the bridge does not take into the account pTokens minted on Ethereum. These are wrapped tokens that should be backed 1:1 with their native counterparts on other chains, for example pBTC being backed by BTC on Bitcoin or pFTM backed by FTM on Fantom.	$4.74 M	5.44%	PNT – 50.01% Stablecoins – 2.74% Other – 47.25% The PNT token associated with pNetwork accounts for 50.01% of the TVL!	0.07%0.02%	Third Party Transfers need to be signed offchain by a designed address.	Token Bridge
48	Paradex	$4.31 M	14.10%	Stablecoins – 100.00%	0.06%0.02%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	ZK Rollup
49	Kroma	$3.42 M	28.04%	Ether – 94.97% Stablecoins – 5.02% Other – 0.00%	0.05%0.01%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Optimistic Rollup
50	SKALE IMA Bridge	$3.37 M	2.46%	SKL – 19.54% Ether – 2.08% Stablecoins – 22.67% Other – 55.71% The SKL token associated with SKALE IMA Bridge accounts for 19.54% of the TVL!	0.05%0.01%	Destination Chain There are 16 randomly selected validator nodes of the destination chain, 11 of them needs to sign and verify messages	Token Bridge
51	Symbiosis	$3.22 M	8.92%	Ether – 1.74% Stablecoins – 21.56% Other – 76.69%	0.05%0.01%	Third party 2/3 of the MPC group (the Symbiosis relayers network) is required to create a cross-chain message with the MPC signature.	Hybrid
52	Connext	$2.86 M	4.66%	Ether – 42.26% Stablecoins – 57.74%	0.04%0.01%	Various AMBs For BNB Multichain is used, for other chains their native AMBs are used.	Liquidity Network
53	Poly Bridge This project contains unverified contracts.	$2.14 M	4.39%	Ether – 0.00% Stablecoins – 0.00% Other – 100.00%	0.03%0.01%	Third Party 3/4 MultiSig of PolyNetwork Keepers	Token Bridge
54	Optics V1	$1.76 M	5.05%	Ether – 47.47% Stablecoins – 49.01% Other – 3.52%	0.03%0.01%	Third Party Messages are relayed to the destination chain and assumed to be correct unless challenged within the 3h fraud proof window, but the slashing mechanism is not implemented yet.	Token Bridge
55	Optics V2	$1.27 M	6.58%	Ether – 63.10% Stablecoins – 25.73% Other – 11.17%	0.02%0.00%	Third Party Messages are relayed to the destination chain and assumed to be correct unless challenged within the 30m fraud proof window, but the slashing mechanism is not implemented yet.	Token Bridge
56	PGN Fraud proof system is currently under development. Users need to trust the block proposer to submit correct L1 state roots.	$1.19 M	17.55%	Ether – 82.56% Stablecoins – 17.44%	0.02%0.00%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Optimistic Rollup
57	tanX	$711 K	0.87%	Ether – 14.38% Stablecoins – 71.93% Other – 13.69%	0.01%0.00%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Validium
58	xDai Bridge	$588 K	46.15%	Stablecoins – 100.00%	0.01%0.00%	Third Party 4/6 Validator MultiSig	Token Bridge
59	Orbiter	$318 K	60.52%	Ether – 38.10% Stablecoins – 61.90%	0.00%0.00%	Third Party Withdrawals are validated by EOA.	Liquidity Network
60	Harmony	$298 K	6.54%	Ether – 71.90% Stablecoins – 15.68% Other – 12.41%	0.00%0.00%	Third Party 2/5 MultiSig	Token Bridge
61	Allbridge This project contains unverified contracts.	$297 K	9.79%	Ether – 19.53% Stablecoins – 80.44% Other – 0.04%	0.00%0.00%	Third Party ???	Hybrid
62	deBridge	$252 K	2.67%	Ether – 26.51% Stablecoins – 71.48% Other – 2.02%	0.00%0.00%	Third Party Signed off-chain by 8 or more deBridge oracles.	Token Bridge
63	Hyphen	$160 K	24.98%	BICO – 65.57% Ether – 21.61% Stablecoins – 9.72% Other – 3.11% The BICO token associated with Hyphen accounts for 65.57% of the TVL!	0.00%0.00%	Third Party Withdrawals are validated by an EOA.	Liquidity Network
64	Myria	$130 K	9.43%	Ether – 100.00%	0.00%0.00%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Validium
65	Parallel	$32.33 K	10.03%	Ether – 100.00%	0.00%0.00%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Optimistic Rollup
66	Honeypot	$30.26 K	37.24%	Other – 100.00%	0.00%0.00%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Optimistic Rollup
67	Canvas Connect Canvas Connect is currently open only to whitelisted institutional clients.	$11.22 K	8.86%	Ether – 93.77% Stablecoins – 6.23%	0.00%0.00%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Validium
68	ReddioEx	$2.85 K	0.11%	Ether – 1.60% Stablecoins – 98.40%	0.00%0.00%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Validium
69	Fuel v1	$584	9.13%	Ether – 96.92% Stablecoins – 3.08%	0.00%0.00%	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Optimistic Rollup
70	Beamer Bridge V2 The bridge is currently paused.	$0.00	0.00%	No tokens	0.00%0.00%	Optimistically Claims are considered valid if no challenge is submitted within the claim period (24h). The dispute can either be resolved by the participants or escalated by making use of the canonical bridge.	Liquidity Network

#	Name	Total Total value locked in escrow contracts on Ethereum displayed together with a percentage change compared to 7D ago.	Validated by How are the messages sent via this bridge checked?	Type Token bridges use escrows and mint tokens. Liquidity Networks use pools and swap tokens. Hybrid do both.
1	Zk.Money v2 (Aztec Connect) EOL: Aztec team announced they are going to shut down the rollup infrastructure on March 21st, 2024. The escape hatch delay has been recently increased to ~136 years, meaning that users will not be able to exit when the operator will be shut down.	$4.39 M	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	ZK Rollup
2	Zk.Money v1 (Aztec v1) EOL: Aztec team announced the intent to shut down the infrastructure for this rollup on Mar 13, 2023. On Jan 14, 2024 TurboVerifier contract has been replaced with AlwaysReverting contract effectively halting verification process.	$2.85 M	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	ZK Rollup
3	ZKSwap 1.0 This project contains unverified contracts. Version 3 of the protocol called ZkSpace is available and users are encouraged to move their assets there.	$2.80 M	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	ZK Rollup
4	Wormhole V1	$374 K	Third Party Transfers need to be signed offchain by a set of 2/3 of Guardians and then in a permissionless way relayed to the destination chain.	Token Bridge
5	ZKSwap 2.0 This project contains unverified contracts. Version 3 of the protocol called ZkSpace is available and users are encouraged to move their assets there.	$284 K	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	ZK Rollup
6	Polygon Hermez Hermez and Polygon have recently merged. Hermez and Polygon Hermez are two names for the same rollup.	$282 K	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	ZK Rollup
7	Layer2.Finance This project is under review. Currently the TVL is calculated incorrectly, because it does not take assets locked in DeFi into account.	$168 K	In review	Optimistic Rollup
8	OMG Network This project contains unverified contracts.	$51.59 K	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Plasma
9	Gluon LeverJ trading platform appears to be in a maintenance mode as the team moved to build NFT trading platform. Social medias associated with the project are silent since mid 2021.	$36.96 K	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Plasma
10	DeGate V1 Legacy	$19.58 K	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	ZK Rollup
11	Connext (Legacy)	$5.87 K	User Transfer is done via peer-to-peer atomic swap	Liquidity Network
12	Nomad The Nomad token bridge contract has recently been exploited and currently is not operational.	$5.23 K	Third Party Messages are relayed to the destination chain and assumed to be correct unless challenged within the 30m fraud proof window, but the slashing mechanism is not implemented yet.	Token Bridge
13	L2.Finance-zk This project contains unverified contracts. Layer2.finance-ZK has been shut down, users are encouraged to use optimistic rollup version.	$4.27 K	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	Validium
14	Sollet Sollet Bridge becomes deprecated on Oct 31, 2022. Users are encouraged to use Wormhole instead.	$2.95 K	Third Party Withdrawals need to be signed by an EOA account.	Token Bridge
15	DeGate Legacy	$0.00	Ethereum Smart contracts on Ethereum validate all bridge transfers.	ZK Rollup

About L2BEAT

L2BEAT is a public goods company dedicated to providing on-chain transparency.

What sets L2BEAT apart is our unwavering commitment to delivering accurate and reliable information. We strive to be an impartial and independent watchdog that acts in the best interest of users and the broader ecosystem while always remaining credibly neutral and faithful to reality and facts. We deliver data and tools that allow our community to educate themselves, transact securely, and make well-informed decisions.

This approach has earned us recognition and a solid reputation in the industry, garnering praise from the global Ethereum community and making our voice highly valued by numerous organizations and institutions. We are unafraid of being vocal and opinionated when our values are at stake.

Our work spans a wide range of areas, including:

Research and analysis of public protocols, including L2s and bridges,
Participation in protocol governance and security councils,
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Publication of research reports,
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